糖心原创

Home⇛Annals of Tropical Research⇛vol. 48 no. 1 (2026)

Retrospective Study on Canine Distemper Cases in Cebu, Philippines (2019-2024)

Adrian P. Yba帽ez | Shem L. Alberio | Serafin L. Garciano Jr | Gianne Eduard L. Ulanday | Maryneth B. Barrios | Grahambell B. Sabanate | Maria Maica Siofia E. Te帽oso | Gerald B. Aycardo | Mary Thessa Lorraine Alo | Ruby H. Destajo | Rochelle Haidee D. Ybañez | Harvie P Portugaliza

 

Abstract:

Background: Canine distemper (CD) remains a significant global threat to dog populations, yet comprehensive epidemiological data in the Philippines are limited, restricting accurate evaluation of vaccination programs and targeted control strategies. Objectives: This study aimed to address these gaps by analyzing clinical data from selected veterinary clinics in Cebu, Philippines, to better understand CD patterns and associated risk factors. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 417 clinical cases recorded from 2019 to 2024 across three veterinary clinics in Cebu. After data cleaning, 360 cases were included. Dogs tested for canine distemper virus (CDV) using commercial test kits met the inclusion criteria. Data on patient profiles, clinical signs, and treatments were collected and analyzed. Results: CDV-positive cases accounted for 49.4% of cases, while 50.6% were negative, with an increase in infections observed in 2024 (53.6%). Male and female dogs were equally affected. Most CDV-positive dogs were mixed-breed (82.6%), unvaccinated (83.7%), small-sized (68.8%), and within the young adult to mature adult age range (26.8–37.5%). Common clinical signs included ocular and nasal discharges (100%), inappetence (43.6%), fever (31.4%), and lethargy (8.3%). Co-infections such as Ancylostoma spp. (12.4%), canine ehrlichiosis (6.7%), canine parvovirus (5.1%), Trichuris spp. (5.1%), canine anaplasmosis (4.5%), and canine babesiosis (3.4%) were also noted. Treatment frequently involved antibiotics, particularly doxycycline (30.6%), along with supportive therapies including vitamins and supplements. Statistical analysis showed significant associations between CD positivity and age (χ² = 20.631, df = 4, P < 0.001) and vaccination status (χ² = 7.969, df = 2, P = 0.019). Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of vaccination and client education. Strengthened vaccination programs, improved diagnostics, and community-based interventions are essential to reduce CDV prevalence and improve outcomes in Cebu.



References:

  1. Abdulkarim, A., Khan, M. A. K. B. G., & Aklilu, E. (2021). Stray animal population control: Methods, public health concern, ethics, and animal welfare issues. World Veterinary Journal, 11(3), 319–326.
  2. Airikkala-Otter, I., Fröhlich, J., Porkodi, S., Gibson, A., Gamble, L., & Rayner, E. (2022). Sharing the load by One Health: Intergrating Canine Rabies Vaccination with Bovine Foot-and-Mouth Vaccination Program and Community Public Health Services in Rural Nilgris District, Tamil Nudu, India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 47(4), 600–603.
  3. Beineke, A., Baumgärtner, W., & Wohlsein, P. (2015). Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus—An update. One Health, 1, 49–59.
  4. Brown, G. W. (1976). Berkson fallacy revisited: Spurious conclusions from patient surveys. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 130(1), 56–60.
  5. Chaudhari, A., Kartal, T., Brill, G., Amano, K. J., Lagayan, M. G., & Jorca, D. (2022). Dog ecology and demographics in several areas in the Philippines and its application to anti-rabies vaccination programs. Animals, 12(1), 105.
  6. Cordero, D. A., Jr. (2022). In support of ethnopharmacological practices: Exploring a long-term solution for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in the Philippines. Infection & Chemotherapy, 54(1), 176–177.
  7. Costa, V. G. D., Saivish, M. V., Rodrigues, R. L., de Lima Silva, R. F., Moreli, M. L., & Krüger, R. H. (2019). Molecular and serological surveys of canine distemper virus: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. PLOS ONE, 14(5), e0217594.
  8. Deem, S. L., Spelman, L. H., Yates, R. A., & Montali, R. J. (2000). Canine distemper in terrestrial carnivores: A review. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31(4), 441–451.
  9. Dodds, W. J. (2021). Early life vaccination of companion animal pets. Vaccines, 9(2), 92.
  10. Duque-Valencia, J., Sarute, N., Olarte-Castillo, X., & Ruíz- Sáenz, J. (2019). Evolution and interspecies transmission of canine distemper virus—An outlook of the diverse evolutionary landscapes of a multi-host virus. Viruses, 11(7), 582.
  11. Fyumagwa, R. D., Mkumbo, S. S., & Morkel, P. B. (2004). Remote treatment of black rhinos against babesiosis in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. Pachyderm.
  12. Lanszki, Z., Zana, B., Zeghbib, S., Jakab, N. S., & Kemenesi, G. (2021). Prolonged infection of canine distemper virus in a mixed-breed dog. Veterinary Sciences, 8(4), 61.
  13. Leisewitz, A. L., Carter, A., van Vuuren, M., & Van Blerk, L. (2001). Canine distemper infections, with special reference to South Africa, with a review of the literature. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 72(3), 127–136.
  14. Liang, J., Wang, T., Wang, Q., Wang, X., Fan, X., Hu, T., Leng, X., Shi, K., Li, J., Gong, Q., & Du, R. (2024). Prevalence of canine distemper in minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs from 1983 to 2023 in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1394631.
  15. Mahajan, S., Dey, S., Kumar, A., Panigrahi, P. N., & Karunanithy, M. (2018). Association and risk of canine distemper with respect to age, sex, and breed of dogs suffering from demyelinating neuropathies. International Journal of Livestock Research, 8(3), 164–171.
  16. Martella, V., Elia, G., & Buonavoglia, C. (2008). Canine distemper virus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 38(4), 787–797.
  17. Meazzi, S., Filipe, J., Fiore, A., Bella, S. D., Mira, F., & Dall’Ara, P. (2022). Agreement between in-clinic tests and virus neutralization tests in detecting antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV). Viruses, 14(3), 517.
  18. Mlanga, S. S., Ibu, J. O., & Ezeokoli, C. D. (2018). Epidemiology of canine distemper in Makurdi, Nigeria. Nigerian Veterinary Journal, 39(1), 45–50.
  19. Mohan, N. J. A., Rani, N. L., & Suresh, K., Srinivas, M., Megha, P. S., & Vishnudas, K. V. (2024). Studies on the occurrence of canine distemper in Gannavaram: Investigating viral prevalence and impact in domestic dog populations. Journal of Biological and Natural Sciences, 16(2), 63–67.
  20. Mohammad, H. A., Ajaj, E. A., & Gharban, H. A. J. (2022). The first study on confirmation and risk factors of acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs in Wasit Province, Iraq, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary World, 15(4), 968–974.
  21. Mousafarkhani, F., Sarchahi, A. A., Mohebalian, H., Khoshnegah, J., & Arbabi, M.  (2023). Prevalence of canine distemper in dogs referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Veterinary Research Forum, 14(3), 153–160.
  22. Nobleza, C. K. D., Racho, M. R. S., Umali, D. V., & Katoh, H. (2017). Molecular detection and characterization of canine distemper virus from domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in Quezon City, Philippines. International Journal of Life Sciences, 5(4), 499–505.
  23. Patronek, G. J., Glickman, L. T., Johnson, R., & Emerick, T. J. (1995). Canine distemper infection in pet dogs: II. A case-control study of risk factors during a suspected outbreak in Indiana. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 31(3), 230–235.
  24. Priestnall, S. L., & Sykes, J. E. (2021). 28 - Miscellaneous and emerging canine respiratory viral infections. In J. E. Sykes (Ed.), Greene’s infectious diseases of the dog and cat (5th ed., pp. 332–340). Elsevier.
  25. Ricci, I., Cersini, A., Manna, G., Marcario, G. A., Conti, R., Brocherel, Grifoni, G., Eleni, C., & Scicluna, M. T. (2021). A canine distemper virus retrospective study conducted from 2011 to 2019 in Central Italy (Latium and Tuscany Regions). Viruses, 13(2), 272.
  26. Rivera-Martínez, A., Rodríguez-Alarcón, C. A., Adame-Gallegos, J. R., Laredo-Tiscareño, S. V., de Luna-Santillana, E., Hernández-Triana, L. M., & Garza- Hernández, J. A. (2024). Canine distemper virus: Origins, mutations, diagnosis, and epidemiology in Mexico. Life, 14(8), 1002.
  27. Rojas-Sanchez, E., Pereira-Mora, M., Vega-Benavides, K., & Jimenez-Soto, M. (2024). Enhancing community health: Veterinary services for underserved areas in Costa Rica with a One Health approach. One Health, 18, 100693.
  28. Rysava, K. (2021). Canine rabies control and management in Southeast Asia: From data to models (Doctoral dissertation, University of Warwick).
  29. Santos, C. C., Luna, A. K. V. M., & Soriano, A. P. (2024). Profiling of canine distemper virus infection from small animal veterinary clinics in cities of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. ARSHI Veterinary Letters.
  30. Shi, Y., Long, F., Shi, K., He, M., Shi, Y., Feng, S., Yin, Y., Wei, X., & Li, Z. (2024). A quadruplex reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction for detecting canine coronavirus, canine rotavirus, canine parvovirus, and canine distemper virus. Microbiology Research, 15(2), 746–761.
  31. Smith, S. M., George, Z., Duncan, C., & Frey, D. M. (2022). Opportunities for expanding access to veterinary care: Lessons from COVID-19. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 804794.
  32. Stockinger, J., Strzelczyk, A., Nemecek, A., Cicanic, M., Bösebeck, F., Brandt, C., Hamer, H., Intravooth, T., Steinhoff, B. J. (2021). Everolimus in adult tuberous sclerosis complex patients with epilepsy: Too late for success? A retrospective study. Epilepsia, 62(3), 785–794.
  33. Udvarhelyi-Tóth, K. M., Iotchev, I. B., Kubinyi, E., & Turcsán, B. (2024). Why do people choose a particular dog? A mixed-methods analysis of factors owners consider important when acquiring a dog, on a convenience sample of Austrian pet dog owners. Animals, 14(18), 2634.
  34. Whitehouse, C. A. (2022). Canine distemper virus (Data set). In CABI Compendium. CAB International.
  35. Wilson, S. C., Eybatov, T. M., Amano, M., Japson, P. D., & Goodman, S. J. (2014). The role of canine distemper virus and persistent organic pollutants in mortality patterns of Caspian seals (Pusa caspica). PLOS ONE, 9(7), e99265.
  36. World Organisation for Animal Health. (2022). Morbillivirus (canids and felids) (infection with).

Tools


Copyright © 2026  糖心原创 Exclusively distributed by