糖心原创

Home⇛Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal⇛vol. 6 no. 6 (2022)

Beyond Words: Threat Messages of Filipinos in Facebook Messenger

Alain Razalan

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

The paper's goal was to investigate how Filipino Facebook users in general and chat users in particular create threat chat messages. The research aimed to address the threat protocols and themes that were clear from the threat chat postings. In specifically, content analysis was used to examine the textual chat messages on Facebook for the study on threat messages in chat. 15 threat communications in all were recorded between January and March 2019. According to the study's findings, the threatener's last line of action was to send threat chat messages, and he or she chose social media as the most practical or affordable means of doing so. However, without threats, the interlocutors would be powerless. For example, the legal wife over the illegitimate wife, which is often used as a catalyst for adultery and extramarital affairs, as well as the debtor and debtee, where themes of friendship and betrayed trust may be present. The threat plays a significant role in the inversion of power together with their places and abilities. Social media became a platform for the Filipino people to quickly and easily communicate their threats as they learned how to use it a convenient setting for conflict and location where crime may be committed.



References:

  1. Adams, S. 2004. Statement analysis: Beyond the words. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73:22-23.
  2. Al-Ameedi, Riyadh Tariq Kadhim and Mohammed, Hashim Aliwey, (2012), Promise and Threat in English and Arabic Religious Text, A r b i t r a t o r Q u a r t e r l y Ma g a z in e , a cc e s s e d at
  3. Allen,E.S.,&Atkins,D.C.(2005).Themultidimensionalanddevelopmentalnatureofinfidelity:Practicalapplications.JournalofClinicalPsychology,61,1371–1382
  4. Allen,E.S.,Atkins,D.C.,Baucom,D.H.,Snyder,D.K.,Gordon,K.C.,&Glass,S.P.(2005).Intrapersonal,interpersonal,andcontextualfactorsinengaginginandrespondingtoextramaritalinvolvement.ClinicalPsychologyScienceandPractice,12,101–130.
  5. Apressyan,RubenG.(1998),Violentspeech,JournalPeaceReviewAJournalofSocialJusticeVolume10,1998-Issue4:LinguisticViolencePages587-591.Publishedonline:04Dec2007.
  6. Austin,J.L.(1962)HowtoDoThingswithWords.Oxford:ClarendonPress.
  7. Balleisen,EdwardJ.(2017),Fraud:AnAmericanHistoryfromBarnumtoMadoff.ISBN9780691164557,PrincetonUniversityPress.
  8. Baumeister,R.F.,Smart,L.,Boden,J.M.(1996).Relationofthreatenedegotismtoviolenceandaggression:Thedarksideofhighself-esteem.PsychologicalReview,103(3),5-33.
  9. Barrett,LisaFeldman(2017),WhenIsSpeechViolence?OpinionGRAYMATTER,THENEWYORKTIMESAccessedat
  10. Bean,Hamilton&Sutton,Jeannette&Liu,Brooke&Madden,Stephanie&Wood,Michele&Mileti,Dennis.(2015).TheStudyofMobilePublicWarningMessages:AResearchReviewandAgenda.ReviewofCommunication.15.1-21.10.1080/15358593.2015.1014402.
  11. BeaverKM,NedelecJL,SchwartzJA.(2014)Evolutionarybehavioralgeneticsofviolentcrime:Theevolutionofviolence,Springer,NewYork;pp.117–135.
  12. Beller,S.(2002)“Conditional•PromisesandThreats-CognitionandEmotion”.InGray,W.D.andSchunn,C.D.(eds),ProceedingsoftheTwenty-FourthAnnualConferenceoftheCognitiveScienceSociety(pp.113-18).
  13. Benesch,Susan,(2012),DangerousSpeech:AProposaltoPreventGroupViolence,SeniorFellow,WorldPolicyInstitutebenesch@american.edu(202)885-1611susanbeneschSkype,accessedat
  14. Bihari,Singh,Th&Mohanty,Rakesh&Lalrhiatpuia,Lalrhiatpuia&Haobam,Mary&Saini,Mohit.(2014).AggressionandViolentBehaviour:ACriticalReview.IOSRJournalofPharmacyandBiologicalSciences.9.10-13.10.9790/3008-09551013.
  15. Bond,G.D.,andA.Y.Lee.2005.Languageofliesinprison:Linguisticclassificationofprisoners’truthfulanddeceptivenaturallanguage.AppliedCognitivePsychology,19(3):313-329.
  16. Calhoun,F.S.(1998).Huntersandhowlers:Threatsandviolenceagainstfederaljudicialofficials.Arlington,VA:UnitedStatesMarshalsService.
  17. Carter,N.R.(2010).Weshallbewatchingyou,you’regoingtodie,andotherthreats:Acorpus-basedspeechactapproach.UTAWorkingPapersinLinguistics,3.https://uta-ir.tdl.org/utair/bitstream/handle/10106/5192/Threat-corpus-48-61.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  18. Chung,PublicCindyK.,andPennebakerJamesW.Figures(2011),UsingComputerizedTextAnalysistoAssessThreateningCommunicationsandBehavior,accessedathttps://www.nap.edu/read/13091/chapter/3#6
  19. Cicchini,MichaelD.(2012)."TheNewMirandaWarning".SMULawReview.65(4):913–915.
  20. Cohen,Fred,(2006),Frauds,Spies,andLies–andHowtoDefeatThem.ISBN1-878109-36-7(2006).ASPPress.
  21. Coulthard,M.,&Johnson,A.(2010)."Currentdebatesinforensiclinguistics".TheRoutledgeHandbookofForensicLinguistics.London:Routledge,1
  22. Coulthard,M.,&Johnson,A.(2007).Anintroductiontoforensiclinguistics:Languageinevidence.Oxford:Routledge:162-3.
  23. Culpeper,Jonathan.(2011).Impoliteness:Usinglanguagetocauseoffence.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress
  24. Dietz,P.E.,Matthews,D.B.,VanDuyne,C.,Martell,D.A.,Parry,C.D.J.,Stewart,T.,Warren,J.,&Crowder,J.D.(1991).ThreateningandotherwiseinappropriateletterstoHollywoodcelebrities.JournalofForensicSciences,36(1),185-209.
  25. Fein,R.A.,Vossekuil,D.B.,and•Holden,G.A.(1995)“ThreaAssessment:AnApproachtoPre-ventTargetedViolence.”NationalInstituteofJustice.Washington:US.DepartmentofJustice.
  26. Fitzgerald,J.R.(2004)."UsingaforensiclinguisticapproachtotrackingtheUnabomber."InJ.Campbell,&D.DeNevi(Eds.)Profilers:Leadinginvestigatorstakeyouinsidethecriminalmind(pp.193-222).NewYork:PrometheusBooks.
  27. Fletcher,GeorgeP.(1998).BasicConceptsofCriminalLaw.OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN0-19-512170-8.
  28. Fraser,B.(1998).Threateningrevisited.ForensicLinguistics,5(2),159–173.
  29. Gales,Tammy(2013),LinguisticAnalysisofDisputedMeanings:Threats,Copyright©2013BlackwellPublishingLtd.Allrightsreserved.
  30. Gass,S.M.,&Mackey,A.(2000).Stimulatedrecallmethodologyinsecondlanguageresearch.Mahwah,NJ:LawrenceErlbaum.
  31. Gibbons,J.(2003).ForensicLinguistics:anintroductiontolanguageintheJusticeSystem.BlackwellPublishing.
  32. Grant,T.D.(2008).Approachingquestionsinforensicauthorshipanalysis.InJ.Gibbons&M.T.Turell(Eds.),DimensionsofForensicLinguistics.Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins.
  33. GreenandStonner(1971),Primaryassociatesto20verbsconnotingviolence-SpringerLink,accessedat
  34. 贬补箩补谤别,搁补丑耻濒,(2018),础蝉蝉别蝉蝉尘别苍迟辞蹿迟丑别顿别辫谤别蝉蝉颈辞苍鈥恖别惫别濒别蹿蹿别肠迟颈惫别苍别蝉蝉辞蹿迟丑别颁耻谤蝉别奥辞谤诲蝉颈苍驰辞耻苍驳础诲耻濒迟蝉颈苍笔谤颈惫补迟别颁辞鈥怑诲耻肠补迟颈辞苍补濒笔丑补谤尘补肠别耻迟颈肠补濒滨苍蝉迟颈迟耻颈辞苍蝉颈苍笔耻苍别鲍苍颈惫别谤蝉颈迟测,滨苍诲颈补:础笔谤别辫濒补苍苍别诲,颁补耻蝉补濒鈥怭补迟丑飞补测鈥怋补蝉别诲础苍补濒测蝉颈蝉,顿别辫补谤迟尘别苍迟辞蹿贬别补濒迟丑搁别蝉别补谤肠丑滨苍诲颈补苍颁辞耻苍肠颈濒辞蹿惭别诲颈肠补濒搁别蝉别补谤肠丑,狈别飞顿别濒丑颈,滨苍诲颈补搁别肠别颈惫别诲:惭补测16,2018;笔耻产濒颈蝉丑别诲:惭补测23,2018*颁辞谤谤别蝉辫辞苍诲颈苍驳补耻迟丑辞谤:搁补丑耻濒贬补箩补谤别,顿别辫补谤迟尘别苍迟辞蹿贬别补濒迟丑搁别蝉别补谤肠丑滨苍诲颈补苍颁辞耻苍肠颈濒辞蹿惭别诲颈肠补濒搁别蝉别补谤肠丑.
  35. Halliday,M.A.K.(1973).Explorationsinthefunctionsoflanguage.London:EdwardArnold.
  36. Hamblin,C.L.(1987),Imperatives.London:BasilBlack-WellLtd
  37. Hermann,M.G.(2003).Assessingleadershipstyle:Traitanalysis.InJ.M.Post,Ed.,ThepsychologicalassessmentofpoliticalleaderswithprolesofSaddamHusseinandBillClinton,178–212.AnnArbor,MI:TheUniversityofMichiganPress.
  38. Huda,Shamsul,(2011),PrinciplesoftheLawofCrimesWithanIntroductionbyProf.K.I.Vibhute,EasternBookCompany.
  39. Hughes,G.,(2006)AnEncyclopediaSwearing,TheSocialHistoryofOaths,Profanity,FoulLanguageandEthnicSlurintheEnglishSpeakingWorld,ArmorkM.E.Sharpe.
  40. li,SiddigAhmed(2013)."TheRoleofForensicTranslationinCourtroomContexts".ArabWorldEnglishJournal:176.
  41. Jay,Timothy,(2000).WHYWECURSEANEURO-PSYCHOSOCIALTHEORYOFSPEECHMassachusettsCollegeofLiberalArtsNorthAdams,MassachusettsJOHNBENJAMINSPUBLISHINGCOMPANYPHaADELPHIAlAMSTERDAM
  42. Laukka,et.al.,(2013),Cross-culturaldecodingofpositiveandnegativenon-linguisticemotionvocalizations,PetriORIGINALRESEARCHARTICLEFront.Psychol.,30July2013|
  43. Leeker,Olivia&Carlozzi,Al.(2014).EffectsofSex,SexualOrientation,InfidelityExpectations,andLoveonDistressrelatedtoEmotionalandSexualInfidelity.JournalofMaritalandFamilyTherapy.40.10.1111/j.1752-0606.2012.00331.x.
  44. JingSchmidt,Zhuo.(2019).Cursing,Taboo,andEuphemism.RoutledgeHandbookofChineseAppliedLinguistics,Edition:1st,Chapter:26,Publisher:Routledge,pp.391-406
  45. Mellers,et.al.,(2015),ThePsychologyofIntelligenceAnalysis:DriversofPredictionAccuracyinWorldPolitics,JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Applied©2015AmericanPsychologicalAssociation2015,Vol.21,No.1,1–141076-898X/15/$12.00
  46. Meloy,J.R.(2000).Violenceriskandthreatassessment.SanDiego:SpecializedTrainingServices.
  47. Meloy,J.R.(2001).Communicatedthreatsandviolencetowardpublicandprivatetargets:Discerningdifferencesamongthosewhostalkandattack.JournalofForensicSciences,46(5),1211-1213.
  48. Meloy,J.R.,James,D.V.,Farnham,F.R.,Mullen,P.E.,Pathé,M.,Darnley,B.,&117Preston,L.(2004).Aresearchreviewofpublicfigurethreats,approaches,attacks,andassassinationsintheUnitedStates.JournalofForensicSciences,49,1086-1093.
  49. Monahan,J.(1981).Predictingviolentbehavior:Anassessmentofclinicaltechniques.
  50. BeverlyHills,CA:Sage.
  51. Morewitz,StephenJ.,(2008),DeathThreatsandViolenceNewResearchandClinicalPerspectives©,DOI,10.1007/978-0-387-76663-8,ISBN,9780387766638(online)9780387766614(print)BookType,Monograph,Springer.
  52. Muntinlupa,Jake(2017),10FilipinocursewordsusedbyPinoysonadailybasisUPDATED:2YEARSAGOVIEWS:32289Category:LatestPHEntertainmentNews-PhilippinesSHOWBIZNews,MgaBalitaNgayonsaPilipinas,Features,LifeandStyleNewsInPHReadmore:
  53. Muschalik,Julia,2018,ThreateninginEnglish,pp195-204,PublicationDate,January2018,Format:PDF,EPUB,e-BookISBN:9789027264633,DOI:
  54. Oberwittler,D.andWikström,P.-O.(2008)Whysmallisbetter:advancingthestudyoftheroleofbehavioralcontextsincrimecausation,inPuttingCrimeinItsPlace:UnitsofAnalysisinSpatialCrimeResearch(edsD.Weisburd,W.BernascoandG.Bruinsma),Springer,NewYork
  55. Olsson,John(2008),ForensicLinguistics,SecondEdition.London:ContinuumISBN978-0-8264-6109-4
  56. Reisenzein,Rainer&Stiensmeier,Joachim&Martini,Alice.(1995).TheRoleofSurpriseintheAttributionProcess.CognitionandEmotion.9.10.1080/02699939508408963.
  57. Shackelford,T.K.,LeBlanc,G.J.,&Drass,E.(2000).Emotionalreactionstoinfidelity.CognitionandEmotion,14,643–659.
  58. Sampson,R.J.,Raudenbush,S.W.andEarls,F.(1997)Neighborhoodsandviolentcrime:amultilevelstudyofcollectiveefficacy.Science,277(5328),918–924
  59. Shen&Dillard(2014).Threat,Fear,AndPersuasion,ReviewofCommunicationResearch2014,Vol.2,No.1doi:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2014.02.01.004ISSN:2255-4165
  60. Shuy,R.(1993).Languagecrimes:Theuseandabuseoflanguageevidenceinthecourtroom.Cambridge,MA:Blackwell.
  61. Smith,S.S.(2006).Fromviolentwordstoviolentdeeds:AssessingriskfromFBIthreateningcommunications.UnpublishedPh.D.dissertation,GeorgetownUniversity,Washington,DC.
  62. Spitzberg,Brian&Gawron,Jean.(2016).TowardOnlineLinguisticSurveillanceofThreateningMessages.JournalofDigitalForensics,SecurityandLaw.10.15394/jdfsl.2016.1418.
  63. Somerville,Keith.(2011).Violence,hatespeechandinflammatorybroadcastinginKenya:Theproblemsofdefinitionandidentification.EcquidNovi:AfricanJournalismStudies.32.82-101.10.1080/02560054.2011.545568.
  64. Tops,Mattie&Boksem,Maarten.(2012).“What’sthat?”“WhatWentWrong?”PositiveandNegativeSurpriseandtheRostral–VentraltoCaudal–DorsalFunctionalGradientintheBrain.Frontiersinpsychology.3.21.10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00021.
  65. Trosborg,A.(1995)InterlanguagePragmatics:Requests,ComplaintsAndApologies.Berlin:MoutondeCruyter.
  66. Turner,J.T.andGelles,M.G.(2003).Threatassessment:Ariskmanagementapproach.NewYork:HaworthPress.
  67. Vibhute,K.I.(2011).ShamsulHuda'sPrincipleoftheLawofCrimes.EasternBookCompany.ISBN978-93-5028-105-5.
  68. Vrticka,P.,Lordier,L.,Bediou,B.,andSander,D.(2014).Humanamygdalaresponsetodynamicfacialexpressionsofpositiveandnegativesurprise.Emotion14,161–169.doi:10.1037/a0034619
  69. Vrij,A.(2000).DetectingLiesandDeceit:ThePsychologyofLyingandItsImplicationsforProfessionalPractice.Chichester,UK:JohnWileyandSons.
  70. Wajnryb,Ruth,(2005),ExpletiveDeleted:Agoodlookatbadlanguage.NewYork,FreePress.
  71. Warren,L.J.,Mullen,P.E.,&McEwan,T.E.(2014).Explicitthreatsofviolence.InJ.R.Meloy&J.Hoffmann(Eds.),Internationalhandbookofthreatassessment(pp.18-38).NewYork,NY:OxfordUniversityPress.
  72. Warren,L.J.,P.E.Mullen,S.D.M.Thomas,J.R.P.Ogloff,andP.M.Burgess.(2007).Threatstokill:Afollow-upstudy.PsychologicalMedicine,38(4):599-605.
  73. Watson,Lanette,Administrator,M.P.P.,AnalystSarahRabey,M.A.,AnalystPaulStageberg,Ph.D.(2013),AnAnalysisofChildKidnappinginIowa,IowaDepartmentofHumanRightsDivisionofCriminalandJuvenileJusticePlanningStatisticalAnalysisCenter,December1,2013.
  74. Watt,D.,Kelly,S.,&Llamas,C.(2013).Inferenceofthreatfromneutrally-wordedutterancesinfamiliarandunfamiliarlanguages.
  75. YorkPapersinLinguistics(Series2,Issue13),99-120.
  76. Wikström,P.-O.(2011)Doeseverythingmatter?Addressingtheproblemofcausationandexplanationinthestudyofcrime,inWhenCrimeAppears:TheRoleofEmergence(edsJ.M.McGloin,C.J.SullivanandL.W.Kennedy),Routledge,London.
  77. Williams,Glanville(1983).TextbookofCriminalLaw.Stevens&Sons.ISBN-420-46860-9.

Tools


Copyright © 2026  糖心原创 Exclusively distributed by